| Txt Link | Title | Author(s) | Abstract | Publisher Link |
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A good walk spoiled. Golf's links to medicine. |
Brunette DD. |
This article explores the game of golf as it appears in the medical literature. Included are sections on the historical interaction of golf and medicine, the physiology and performance of golf, illness and injury related to golf, environmental concerns involving golf course management, physical disabilities, medical research and golf, and specific medical specialty references to golf. |
Not Available |
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A review of injury characteristics, aging factors and prevention programmes for the older golfer. |
Lindsay DM, Horton JF, Vandervoort AA. |
Participation in the sport of golf has risen considerably, particularly amongst senior players whose age is categorised as 50 years or more. However, golf presents both potential health benefits and risks for this older group of players. The health risks are compounded by the fact that the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems of senior players may not be as efficient at withstanding the strains and stress of this type of repetitive exercise. It was the purpose of this review paper to investigate the age-related health issues facing senior golfers and to discuss appropriate intervention strategies to help minimise these detrimental effects. The literature search identified only a minimal amount of epidemiological information pertaining specifically to the older golfer. A number of case reports were found which described a variety of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular incidents involving senior players. There was evidence from the literature that many of the age-related changes affecting older players' risk profiles were preventable or treatable through exercise. It was the conclusion of the authors of this review that conditioning programmes were highly recommended for all old |
10966149 |
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Acetabular labral tears in patients with sports injury. |
Kang C, Hwang DS, Cha SM. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Acromioclavicular joint injury in competitive golfers. |
Mallon WJ, Colosimo AJ. |
We reviewed a series of professional and competitive low-handicap golfers with shoulder pain. All but one player (34/35) had pain in the left shoulder. A high incidence of problems (53%) related to the acromioclavicular joint was noted in these golfers with left shoulder pain. With proper treatment all but one (17/18 [94%]) of the golfers with acromioclavicular joint problems was able to return to competitive golf. By studying the mechanics of the golf swing, a possible mechanism for this high incidence of acromioclavicular joint problems is given. |
Not Available |
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Active living and injury risk. |
Parkkari J, Kannus P, Natri A, Lapinleimu I, Palvanen M, Heiskanen M, Vuori I, Järvinen M. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Acute bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus in a golfer. |
Hame SL, Kohler-Ekstrand C, Ghiselli G. |
This is the first case report of an acute bucket-handle tear in an amateur golfer. The injury occurred during the follow-through phase of the golf swing. The rate of incidence of knee injuries in golfers is only 10%. There is a difference in the injury pattern between amateur and professional golfers; amateurs are more likely to sustain injuries related to poor swing technique. Professional golfers, on the other hand, report more injuries related to overuse. Although forces in the knee are relatively minor in this sport, acute injuries can happen when poor technique is used. |
11447564 |
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An unusual penetrating neck wound by a golf club: precise forensic imaging. |
Keller T, Watson J, Goldstein L, Chappell T. |
An unusual case of a penetrating neck injury by a golf club with the weapon retained in situ is presented. The contemporary imaging technology that delineated the clinical and forensic aspects is demonstrated as another tool to assist in criminal investigation. |
Not Available |
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Assessment of head injury of children due to golf ball impact. |
Lee HP, Wang F. |
Head trauma injury due to impact by a flying golf ball is one of the most severe possible injury accidents on the golf course. Numerical simulations based on the finite element method are presented to investigate head injury in children due to impact by a flying golf ball. The stress and energy flow patterns in a head model during the golf ball impact are computed for various combinations of striking speed, falling angle of the golf ball before impact, and impact location. It is found that a child is more prone to head injury due to golf ball impact on the frontal and side/temporal areas. The simulated results are found to conform to the clinical reports on children's head injuries from flying golf balls. |
20013436 |
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Avulsion injury to the conjoined tendons of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles. |
Spinner RJ, Speer KP, Mallon WJ. |
Abstract not available |
9850790 |
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Balance ability and athletic performance. |
Hrysomallis C. |
The relationship between balance ability and sport injury risk has been established in many cases, but the relationship between balance ability and athletic performance is less clear. This review compares the balance ability of athletes from different sports, determines if there is a difference in balance ability of athletes at different levels of competition within the same sport, determines the relationship of balance ability with performance measures and examines the influence of balance training on sport performance or motor skills. Based on the available data from cross-sectional studies, gymnasts tended to have the best balance ability, followed by soccer players, swimmers, active control subjects and then basketball players. Surprisingly, no studies were found that compared the balance ability of rifle shooters with other athletes. There were some sports, such as rifle shooting, soccer and golf, where elite athletes were found to have superior balance ability compared with their less proficient counterparts, but this was not found to be the case for alpine skiing, surfing and judo. Balance ability was shown to be significantly related to rifle shooting accuracy, archery shoo |
21395364 |
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Barium sulfate and zinc sulfide deposits resulting from golf-ball injury to the conjunctiva and eyelid. |
Johnson FB, Zimmerman LE. |
Abstract not available |
5846287 |
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Biomechanics of the elbow in sports. |
Loftice J, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, Andrews JR. |
In throwing activities, the elbow is sometimes stressed to its biomechanical limits. In this article, forces, torques, angular velocities, and muscle activity about the elbow are reviewed for the baseball pitch, the football pass, the javelin throw, the windmill softball pitch, the tennis serve, and the golf swing. The elbow goes through rapid extension in baseball pitching (about 2400 degrees/s) and rapid flexion in the javelin throw (about 1900 degrees/s). During baseball pitching, the elbow joint is subject to a valgus torque reaching 64 Nm, and requires proximal forces as high as 1000 N to prevent elbow distraction. The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) rupture in baseball pitching, lateral epicondylitis in the tennis backhand, and other injury mechanisms are also discussed. |
15474219 |
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Children's misadventures with golfing equipment. |
Fradkin AJ, Cameron PA, Gabbe BJ. |
The purpose of this study was to identify and describe injuries sustained by children less than 15 years of age associated with golfing equipment resulting in presentation to an emergency department. These findings can then be used to highlight potential injury prevention strategies. Retrospective analysis of data from the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset was performed. Golf-related injury cases were identified for the period April 1997 - December 2002. Cases where the text description of the injury event included the word "golf" were extracted for analysis. Text narratives of all cases were reviewed and cases occurring during golf play or practice or at a golf course were excluded from the analysis. There were 309 presentations to an emergency department for treatment of an injury caused by golfing equipment in children less than 15 years of age. The majority of presentations were male (71.5%) and children aged 5-9 years presented most commonly (53.1%). Head injuries were the most common reason for presentation (84.4%), with open wounds being the most common type of injury (68.5%). Being struck by an object (96.8%) was the most frequent cause of injury. Whilst relatively uncomm |
16335440 |
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Classification and treatment of rotator cuff injuries in the overhand athlete. |
Meister K, Andrews JR. |
Rotator cuff injury in athletes results from accumulation of microtrauma to both the static and dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder. Our classification of these injuries and treatment protocol is based on knowledge of the pathophysiology of events leading to rotator cuff failure. Rotator cuff disease is attributed to one of five different modes of failure: primary compressive disease, secondary compressive disease, primary tensile overload, secondary tensile overload, and macrotraumatic injuries. Although disease is categorized based on a single failure mode, there is often significant overlap between the mechanisms of injury leading to the disease. Categorization and, consequently, treatment of the injury rely upon proper identification of the primary pathology and an understanding of the causative factors leading to rotator cuff failure. In most cases conservative management is successful, but, in the refractory cases, minimally invasive surgical techniques have also been successful in returning most athletes to a premorbid level of function. |
8364596 |
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Comminuted tibial fracture: an unusual stress fracture. |
Gillies R, Gray IC. |
Abstract not available |
1644474 |
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Comparison of spine motion in elite golfers with and without low back pain. |
Lindsay D, Horton J. |
Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting golfers, yet little is known of the specific mechanisms responsible for this injury. The aim of this study was to compare golf swing spinal motion in three movement planes between six male professional golfers with low back pain (age 29.2+/-6.4 years; height 1.79+/-0.04 m; body mass 78.2+/-12.2 kg; mean +/- s) and six without low back pain (age 32.7+/-4.8 years; height 1.75+/-0.03 m; body mass 85.8+/-10.9 kg) using a lightweight triaxial electrogoniometer. We found that golfers with low back pain tended to flex their spines more when addressing the ball and used significantly greater left side bending on the backswing. Golfers with low back pain also had less trunk rotation(obtained from a neutral posture), which resulted in a relative 'supramaximal' rotation of their spines when swinging. Pain-free golfers demonstrated over twice as much trunk flexion velocity on the downswing, which could relate to increased abdominal muscle activity in this group. This study is the first to show distinct differences in the swing mechanics between golfers with and without low back pain and provides valuable guidance for clinicians and t |
12190279 |
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Dynamic ultrasound for the golfer shoulder. |
Michael JW, Kuhn S, Yildirim B, Eysel P, König DP. |
Although golf is a popular sport amongst different age groups, it can result in injury, usually from overuse and from poor technique. The shoulder is a commonly affected site, with the lead shoulder (e.g., the left shoulder in the right-handed golfer) most vulnerable to injury. In our present study, we used ultrasound to analyze if a hyperlaxity of the lead shoulder was present. In total, 33 asymptomatic golf-players were investigated by questionnaire, clinical examination and static, as well as dynamic ultrasonography. Neither clinically nor through ultrasound hyperlaxity of the shoulder was found. However, in golfers with shoulder pain, hyperlaxity followed by secondary impingement should be considered as a possible cause. |
17614031 |
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Elbow injuries in golf. |
Stockard AR. |
Golf is not a sport known for its high injury level; however, injuries do occur. Such mishaps usually involve overuse-type injuries that are more common among amateur golfers than among professional golfers. This article attempts to provide an overview of golf injuries to the elbow, with a concentration on incidence, proper diagnosis, adequate treatment (including rehabilitation), and prevention strategies. After reading this article, primary care physicians should be able to manage most golfing injuries to the elbow. |
11575037 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the trunk in golfers. |
Pink M, Perry J, Jobe FW. |
Golf is a popular sport for both men and women. The trunk is the most common area of injury during the golf swing. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the muscle firing patterns in the trunk during the golf swing. Twenty-three golfers with handicaps of five or below volunteered for this study. Surface electromyographic electrodes were placed on the abdominal oblique and erector spinae muscles bilaterally. High-speed cinematography was used in conjunction with the electromyographic electrodes. The results demonstrated relatively low activity in all muscles during takeaway (below 30% of maximal muscle test), and relatively high and constant activity throughout the rest of the swing (above 30% maximal muscle test, with the exception of the contralateral erector spinae during late follow-through, which was 28% maximal muscle test). This high and constant activity demonstrated the importance of the trunk muscles during a golf swing. These results indicate the need for an effective preventive and rehabilitative exercise program for the golfer. |
8346752 |
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Electromyographic shoulder activity in men and women professional golfers. |
Jobe FW, Perry J, Pink M. |
Men and women both enjoy the game of golf. Special considerations are made for women, such as the courses on the professional tours. Thus, one can ask what differences might exist between men and women golfers. This study compares the electromyographic firing patterns of normal shoulder musculature in men and women professional golfers. Eight shoulder muscles (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, anterior, middle and posterior deltoids) were studied using indwelling electromyography. A visual analysis revealed that women tended to have slightly more activity during the takeaway and forward swing phases, and the men tended to have more activity during acceleration and follow-through. However, an independent two-tailed t-test (P = 0.05) showed these differences not to be statistically significant. This finding is in keeping with injury incidence data from the LPGA Tour, PGA Tour, and Senior PGA Tour, which showed that all three tours have a similar incidence of shoulder injuries. This study does not compare the relative strength of men and women, however. |
2624291 |
