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| Txt Link | Title | Author(s) | Abstract | Publisher Link |
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A systematic review of strength and conditioning programmes designed to improve fitness characteristics in golfers. |
Smith CJ, Callister R, Lubans DR. |
It has been suggested that conditioning programmes have the potential to improve golf performance through fitness adaptations. The primary aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of conditioning programmes on measures of golf-related fitness and golf performance. Four electronic library databases were searched and the quality of the studies was assessed using criteria adapted from the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials statement. Thirteen studies satisfied our criteria for inclusion. Nine studies involved middle-aged to older male recreational golfers and four studies used younger more skilled golfers. Conditioning programmes involved the use of machine weights, free weights, medicine balls, and elastic bands, and most studies included a flexibility component. Most studies assessed changes in fitness characteristics and generally resulted in improvements. All but two of the studies assessed changes in club head speed and reported increases. The findings from this review suggest that strength and conditioning programmes can have a positive effect on the golf swing and fitness characteristics of golfers. The majority of studies in this review evaluated |
21547836 |
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Analytical design of iron golf club heads. |
Hartzell TA, Nesbit SM. |
This paper describes an analytical method for the design of iron golf club heads. The method divides the club head into the basic shape and the back-weighting. The basic shape, which consists of the club face profile, hosel and club face-hosel blend section, is configured directly from geometric specifications. An adaptive random search optimization algorithm is employed to design the back-weighting to obtain desired mass properties for the club head. The designer has control of the general configuration of the back-weighting through the method of geometric influencing. Several dynamically equivalent iron club heads are presented that were designed using this method. |
8887210 |
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Applying bandwidth feedback scheduling to a golf shot. |
Smith PJ, Taylor SJ, Withers K. |
Bandwidth knowledge of results (KR) involves the presentation of precise error KR only on those trials in which a preset criterion of accuracy is not met. When the criterion is met, only a general statement referring to this success is given. It has been shown that bandwidth KR increases movement consistency relative to 100% relative frequency KR (Lee & Carnahan, 1990). While this and other KR schedules have been successful in promoting motor learning, there has been no attempt to generalize this finding to a motor task requiring whole-body coordination. This study examined whether, by using information feedback suited to a complex task (Kernodle & Carlton, 1992), the findings relating to bandwidth feedback would transfer to such a task. Participants practiced a golf chipping task with either KR or error correcting transitional information, under 0, 5, or 10% bandwidth conditions. Participants in the 10% bandwidth condition who had received transitional information performed more consistently in retention than all other participants. This result provides support for the generalization of bandwidth feedback principles to complex tasks. |
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Arsenic abundance and variation in golf course lakes. |
Pichler T, Brinkmann R, Scarzella GI. |
Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) is a commonly used herbicide on golf courses. To investigate the variation in abundance of arsenic (As) after MSMA application, 28 golf course lakes were monitored monthly for one year. The As concentrations varied substantially in and between individual lakes with values up to 124 microg/L (mean=10.9 microg/L, n=336). This is considerably higher than the As concentrations in comparable "non-golf course" lakes (up to 100-times) in the study area. The highest values of As in the lakes were generally observed in the late spring and early summer and corresponded to the intensity of MSMA applications. Arsenic seems to be sequestered by the golf course lake sediments with concentrations as high as 302 mg/kg, which were significantly higher than the 0.1 to 3 mg/kg expected for comparable sediments in central Florida. Arsenic correlates well with Fe in the top 15 cm of the lake sediments suggesting that As is sorbed by hydrous ferric oxides (HFO). As long as conditions are in favour of HFO stability, As is retained in the lake sediments preventing its migration into the Floridan aquifer systems. However, once the loading capacity of the sediment is reache |
18314159 |
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Assessing the fairness of the golf handicapping system in the UK. |
McHale IG. |
In this paper, I examine the properties of the handicapping system in the UK. Using a generalized ordered logistic regression model of hole by hole scores of individuals, simulation was employed to calculate the probability of winning for an individual in stroke play and match play head to heads and also in tournament competitions with multiple entrants. The results suggest that the current handicapping system does not produce equal probabilities of players with different handicaps winning. Specifically, lower handicappers have a higher probability of winning in both stroke play and match play games. Having investigated the possibility of employing scaling factors in order to level these probabilities, I pose the question of the extent to which equal probabilities is in fact a desirable property of a handicapping system. |
20672219 |
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Back pain in golf. |
Hosea TM, Gatt CJ Jr. |
Although golfing is generally considered a begin activity, lower back pain is endemic among golfers. The golf swing subjects the lumbar spine to rapid, intense loads, more frequently in amateurs than in professionals. These loads predispose the golfing population to muscle strains, lumbar disc disease, spondylolysis, and facet joint arthropathy. It is imperative for all golfers to warm up properly, develop good swing mechanics, and participate in a lower back conditioning program off the golf course. |
8903708 |
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Basal and squamous cell carcinoma risks for golfers: an assessment of the influence of tee time for latitudes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. |
Downs N, Parisi A, Schouten P. |
This study investigates the influence of tee time to determine the relative basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk for weekly single round competition golfers located in the Northern and Southern latitude ranges between 25°, 35°, 45° and 55°. A comparative risk methodology, employing annual erythemally effective ultraviolet (UVE) exposure calculations was used to determine BCC and SCC risk factors for golfers using a regular weekly tee time. Relative risk was found to be proportional to golf tee time with mid morning tee times generally presenting the greatest risk in each latitude range. The greatest contribution toward the risk of developing basal and squamous cell carcinoma was found to occur for golfers beginning weekly rounds mid to late morning, with specific risk factors of 1.47 (BCC) and 1.98 (SCC) in the Northern hemisphere compared with similar maximum risk factors of 1.51 (BCC) and 2.08 (SCC) in the Southern hemisphere occurring at comparable morning tee times. Differences in annual UVE exposure between the golfer and non-golfer were the largest determinant of BCC and SCC risk. Generally, these risks were found to decrease with lower latitude a |
21862342 |
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Benefits of an external focus of attention: common coding or conscious processing? |
Poolton JM, Maxwell JP, Masters RS, Raab M. |
We conducted two experiments to assess the effect attentional focus has on learning a complex motor skill and subsequent performance under secondary task loading. Participants in Experiment 1 learnt a golf putting task (300 practice trials) with a single instruction to either focus on their hands (internal focus) or the movement of the putter (external focus). No group differences were evident during learning or retention. Differences between the groups were only apparent under secondary task load; the external group's performance remained robust, while the internal group suffered a drop in performance. Verbal protocols demonstrated that the internal group accumulated significantly more internal knowledge and more task-relevant knowledge in general than the external group. Experiment 2 was designed to establish whether greater internal focus knowledge or greater explicit rule build up in general was responsible for performance breakdown. Two groups were presented with a set of six internal or external rules. Again, no performance differences were found during learning or retention. During the secondary task, both groups experienced performance deterioration. It was concluded that a |
16368617 |
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Competitive elite golf: a review of the relationships between playing results, technique and physique. |
Hellström J. |
Elite golfers commonly use fitness and technical training to become more competitive. The aim of this paper was to review the literature regarding the relationships between elite golfers' playing results, technique and physique. The competitive outcome is a direct function of the score. The three golf statistical measures that show the strongest correlations to scoring average are greens in regulation (GIR), scrambling, and putts per GIR. However, more detailed game statistics are needed where the distances to the targets are known before and after the strokes. Players affect ball displacement by controlling clubhead velocity and clubface angle during club and ball impact. X-factor studies have produced ambiguous results, possibly caused by different definitions of upper torso, rotation and top of backswing. Higher clubhead speed is generally associated with larger spinal rotation and shoulder girdle protraction at the top of the backswing. It is also associated with higher ground reaction forces and torques, a bottom-up and sequential increase of body segment angular velocities, a rapid increase of spinal rotation and a late adduction of the wrists during the downswing. Players ca |
19691363 |
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Correlation of eye color on self-paced and reactive motor performance. |
Miller LK, Rowe PJ, Lund J. |
Researchers continue to examine the distinctiveness of motor performance by dark- versus light-eyed individuals. Dark-eyed individuals generally perform better at reactive type tasks (boxing, hitting a ball, defensive positions in football, rotary pursuit), while light-eyed individuals perform better at self-paced tasks (bowling, golf, pitching baseballs). Subjects performed two tasks, rotary pursuit and ball tossing (with light and dark background). Eye color (light or dark) and accuracy of performance were recorded for each subject. No significant difference was found between eye color and performance on the pursuit rotor (reactive activity). A significant difference was found between men's and women's performance in throwing a ball (self-paced activity) at a light-colored background. |
1528697 |
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Dead Spot Severity, Pseudothecia Development, and Overwintering of Ophiosphaerella agrostis in Creeping Bentgrass. |
Kaminski JE, Dernoeden PH. |
ABSTRACT Dead spot (Ophiosphaerella agrostis) is a damaging disease of young
| 18944439 |
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Dynamic stretching and golf swing performance. |
Moran KA, McGrath T, Marshall BM, Wallace ES. |
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of dynamic stretching, static stretching and no stretching, as part of a general warm-up, on golf swing performance with a five-iron. Measures of performance were taken 0 min, 5 min, 15 min and 30 min after stretching. Dynamic stretching produced significantly greater club head speeds than both static stretching (Delta=1.9m.s (-1); p=0.000) and no stretching (Delta=1.7 m.s (-1); p=0.000), and greater ball speeds than both static stretching (Delta=3.5m.s (-1); p=0.003) and no stretching (Delta=3.3m.s (-1); p=0.001). Dynamic stretching produced significantly straighter swing-paths than both static stretching (Delta=-0.61 degrees , p=0.000) and no stretching (Delta=-0.72 degrees , p=0.01). Dynamic stretching also produced more central impact points than the static stretch (Delta=0.7 cm, p=0.001). For the club face angle, there was no effect of either stretch or time. For all of the variables measured, there was no significant difference between the static stretch and no stretch conditions. All of the results were unaffected by the time of measurement after stretching. The results indicate that dynamic stretching should be used as |
19177316 |
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Ecological risk assessment of pesticide runoff from grass surfaces. |
Haith DA. |
An ecological risk assessment was performed for runoff of 37 pesticides registered for use on grass surfaces (lawns and golf courses) in the U.S. The assessment was based on 100-yr simulations using TPQPond, a newly developed model of pesticide runoff and subsequent accumulation in a receiving pond. One-in-10 yr pond concentrations were compared with acute toxicity end points for fish, invertebrates, and algae. Simulations were performed for pesticides applied at label rates on lawns, fairways, and greens using weather data for nine U.S. locations. Runoff of 4 of the 37 pesticides produced potential acute risk to invertebrates or fish. Two chemicals posed a comparable danger to plants. Risk was highest with fairways and lowest for greens. Locations with long growing seasons and large amounts of precipitation produced the highest risks. The risk assessment followed the general protocols recommended by USEPA, but with different models, weather data, and scenarios. In spite of the differences, the results confirmed that most but not all of the pesticides which had survived the USEPA registration process were also demonstrated safe, with respect to acute risks, by this independent asse |
20666475 |
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Electroencephalographic measures of attentional patterns prior to the golf putt. |
Crews DJ, Landers DM. |
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the attentional focus patterns associated with golf putting performance. Highly skilled golfers (N = 34) were assessed using electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of the motor and temporal cortices during the 3 s prior to the golf putt. Players completed 40, 12-ft putts and performance was measured in cm error from the hole. Three measures of EEG were analyzed: slow shift, 40 Hz, and relative power spectrum; representing readiness to respond, focused arousal, and general cortical activity, respectively. All three EEG measures suggested a decrease in left hemisphere, motor cortex activity as the player prepared to putt. Relative power measures also showed significant increases in right hemisphere activity in both the motor and temporal cortices. During the last second preceding the putt, increased right hemisphere alpha activity correlated with and predicted less error. Hemispheric differentiation was also reduced as subjects prepared to putt and few, but important, differences existed between the motor and temporal cortices. An important distinction occurred in the alpha band. In the motor cortex left hemisphere alpha increased si |
8423744 |
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Electromyographic analysis and its role in the athletic shoulder. |
Glousman R. |
In 1944, Inman made some conclusions regarding shoulder function that have become the foundation of a classic model. Clinical observations of the athletic shoulder and its associated common injuries have demonstrated selective weakness of specific rotator cuff muscles rather than generalized muscle impairment. Shoulder mechanics during athletic activities have been evaluated dynamically with electromyography (EMG), which has helped to formulate a base for optimal rehabilitation. Dynamic EMG and high-speed film analysis have been used to evaluate the shoulder during throwing, swimming, tennis, and golf. Evaluation of shoulder function in these various sports revealed that although rotator cuff function is important in all, the emphasis and role of individual muscles varied. The importance of serratus anterior muscle activity to stabilization and protraction of the scapula has been consistently reported. The muscles about the shoulder act according to their mechanical qualities and are function- or sport-specific. A thorough understanding of the mechanics of the normal and pathologic shoulder constitutes the foundation for training and rehabilitation strategies. |
8458143 |
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Fate and effects of diazinon. |
Larkin DJ, Tjeerdema RS. |
Diazinon use has significantly increased since its introduction more than four decades ago. Thus, today we are faced with environmental and health consequences that are largely inseparable from the insecticide's benefits. Fortunately, the research to date is of immeasurable value in making sound scientific and policy decisions regarding diazinon use. Overall, research shows that diazinon is globally widespread, having distributed to all environmental media. Residential uses, and its ubiquity under many farming practices, contribute to extensive non-point-source pollution. In general, diazinon is degraded fairly rapidly in natural settings, although results have been variable and some degradation products are at least as toxic as the parent compound. Diazinon exhibits high acute toxicity to a wide variety of animals, leading to a wide range of sublethal biochemical effects, damage to specific target organs and tissues, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, reproductive damage, and adverse ecological impacts. Its biological fate is complex, mediated largely by diverse metabolic mechanisms. Further research and monitoring are needed in a number of areas. For instance, it is important to de |
10868076 |
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Functional characteristics of the stratum corneum in photoaged skin in comparison with those found in intrinsic aging. |
Tagami H. |
Among various functions of the skin, the most vital one is carried out by the stratum corneum (SC), because the SC effectively protects our body from desiccation even in a dry environment as well as from external invasion of injurious agents. Despite the general decline of various bodily functions in advanced age, the barrier function of the SC does not deteriorate but rather improves with aging, reflecting the reduced epidermal proliferation associated with slower desquamation of the SC. Although the intercellular lipid production that is crucial for the SC barrier is reduced in aged epidermis, it is compensated by the thicker SC, consisting of larger corneocytes covering the aged skin surface due to the retardation of the desquamating process. However, such SC is deficient in water-binding capacity, another important function of the SC that keeps the skin surface soft and smooth, due to decreased amounts of water-binding substances in the SC. Thus, large portions of the covered skin begin to develop xerotic changes in a dry environment of winter, being frequently accompanied by pruritus. In contrast, most elderly individuals display the unique features of photoaging on their expo |
17968572 |
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On the generalizability of the age-related decline in coping with high-arousal conditions in a precision sport: replication and extension. |
Bäckman L, Molander B. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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[Spine stabilizing muscles in golfers]. |
Weishaupt P, ObermĂĽller R, Hofmann A. |
Although golf is perceived as a sport with low risk for injury, majority of golf players complain about problems along the spine. One possible reason could be poor physical condition. To see if golf players in general show deficits in spine-stabilizing muscles, twenty-three male golfers without back pain were examined with regard to their maximal isometric strength of trunk muscles. They were compared with persons of same age and constitution that do no sports. The Golf players have highly significant stronger lumbar extensors and show muscular dysbalance in lateral flexors and rotators of the spine. Specific training for well-balanced strengthening of spine-stabilizing muscles seem to be advisable, because muscular dysbalance can contribute to the development of back pain. |
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