| Txt Link | Title | Author(s) | Abstract | Publisher Link |
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A kinematic analysis in golf swing concerning driver shot and No. 9 iron shot. |
Nagao N, Sawada Y. |
Abstract not available |
Not Available |
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A kinematic analysis of the golf swing by means of fast motion picture in connection with racial difference. |
Nagao N, Sawada Y. |
Abstract not available |
Not Available |
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A kinematic analysis of the golf swing by means of fast motion picture in connection with wrist action. |
Nagao N, Sawada Y. |
Abstract not available |
Not Available |
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A kinetic analysis of the golf swing. |
Carlsöö S. |
Abstract not available |
Not Available |
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A longitudinal study of choking" in professional golfers." |
Clark RD 3rd. |
This study followed the performance of 35 professional golfers who played from 1997 to 2004 on the Professional Golfers Association Tour (PGA Tour) and investigated whether any players were prone to "choke" when placed in high-pressure situations. Choking was defined as a player having significantly higher than expected final round scores and being less likely than other professional golfers to win when in contention to win tournaments. Analysis yielded no support for a choking under pressure hypothesis. None of the players when in contention to win were both more likely to have higher than expected scores in the final round and less likely to win than other professional golfers in the sample. Limitations of the study were mentioned. |
Not Available |
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A multidisciplinary study of the 'yips' phenomenon in golf: An exploratory analysis. |
Smith AM, Malo SA, Laskowski ER, Sabick M, Cooney WP 3rd, Finnie SB, Crews DJ, Eischen JJ, Hay ID, Detling NJ, Kaufman K. |
To determine whether the yips is a neurological problem exacerbated by anxiety, or whether the behaviour is initiated by anxiety and results in a permanent neuromuscular impediment. |
11132124 |
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A three-dimensional examination of the planar nature of the golf swing. |
Coleman SG, Rankin AJ. |
Previous planar models of the downswing in golf have suggested that upper limb segments (left shoulder girdle and left arm) move in a consistent fixed plane and that the clubhead also moves only in this plane. This study sought to examine these assumptions. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of seven right-handed golfers of various abilities (handicap 0- 15) was used to define a plane (named the left-arm plane) containing the 7th cervical vertebra, left shoulder and left wrist. We found that the angles of this plane to the reference horizontal z axis and target line axis (parallel to the reference x axis) were not consistent. The angle to the horizontal z axis varied from a mean of 133 degrees (s = 1 degrees) at the start of the downswing to 102 degrees (s = 4 degrees) at impact, suggesting a "steepening" of the left-arm plane. The angle of the plane to the target line changed from - 9 degrees (s = 16 degrees) to 5 degrees (s = 15 degrees) during the same period, showing anticlockwise (from above) rotation, although there was large inter-individual variation. The distance of the clubhead from the left-arm plane was 0.019 m (s = 0.280 m) at the start at the downswing and 0.291 m ( |
15966340 |
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Age and skilled psychomotor performance: a comparison of younger and older golfers. |
Over R, Thomas P. |
Younger golfers (mean age 33.6 years) and older golfers (mean age 62.3 years) who were equivalent at a molar level of performance (shots taken per round of golf) were compared through componential analysis in order to identify age differences in psychomotor skills. Consistent with an age-related decline in physical strength, older golfers drove the ball a shorter distance from the tee than younger golfers. They also adopted a more conservative approach to shotmaking when playing golf and reported experiencing fewer negative emotions and cognitions in relation to performance. Such differences suggest that age-related impairment in some component skills are, at least in the case of some individuals, compensated for by greater reliance on skills that either improve or remain stable with age. Directions for further study of compensatory adjustment are noted. |
Not Available |
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An analysis of players' consistency among professional golfers: a longitudinal study. |
Clark RD 3rd. |
This study followed the performance of individual professional golfers who played from 1997 to 2000 on the Professional Golfers Association Tour (PGA Tour, N=35), Ladies Professional Golfers Association Tour (LPGA Tour, N = 25), and Senior Professional Golfers Association Tour (SPGA Tour, N = 31) and investigated individual players' consistency in round-to-round performance within tournaments. Although the number of players showing consistency for most years exceeded chance expectations, evidence for round-to-round consistency from one year to the next for any player was small. Such evidence suggests that variability in player performance is more the rule than the exception for players on the three American professional tours. |
Not Available |
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An analysis of streaky performance on the LPGA Tour. |
Clark RD 3rd. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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An examination of the planar nature of golf club motion in the swings of experienced players. |
Coleman S, Anderson D. |
The golf swing has been modelled as a planar movement, but recent findings suggest that the upper limbs and golf club do not move in a single plane. However, the idea that the club alone can be swung in a single inclined plane has not been investigated mathematically. The aims of this study were to determine whether a single plane could be fitted to club motion, and if this plane varied for different clubs. Ten golfers (handicap 1-5) performed repeated, consistent swings with three clubs (driver, 5-iron, and pitching wedge). The motion of each club during the downswing was fitted to a single plane. The fit of the plane varied between golfers and clubs (r(2) = 0.871-0.995, root mean square residual = 44.9-166.2 mm). Mean angles of the plane to the reference horizontal Z axis (driver: 125.5 degrees , s = 3.0; 5-iron: 117.1 degrees , s = 3.0; wedge: 113.6 degrees , s = 2.7) and target line axis (driver: -7.8 degrees , s = 5.9; 5-iron: -4.9 degrees , s = 5.7; wedge: -5.9 degrees , s = 6.0) were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Further analysis revealed a single plane was more appropriate for some participants than others, but that it might be neither desirable nor possible in some c |
17454542 |
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Analysis of 3D kinematics concerning three different clubs in golf swing. |
Egret CI, Vincent O, Weber J, Dujardin FH, Chollet D. |
Although many professionals have produced books or videotapes which offer a novel approach to the game, a review of the scientific literature reports limited research evaluating the actual biomechanics of the golf swing in comparison with other sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of kinematic pattern in golf swing using three different clubs: driver, five-iron, pitching-wedge. These three golf clubs have been chosen for their available range of ball flight. The measures of kinematic data during swing were established with the optoelectronic system VICON (Oxford's Metrics, Oxford, UK) with five cameras operating at 50 frames per second. Clubhead speed was measured using a swing made detector (Bell-Tronics, Ltd, Covington, USA). Seven right-handed male golfers with a high level of skill participated in the study. The results showed that there was an identical timing (movement time and proportion for each phase of the swing) between the three clubs tested, but the kinematics and the clubhead speed were different depending on the three different clubs used. |
12905097 |
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Analysis of the 5 iron golf swing when hitting for maximum distance. |
Healy A, Moran KA, Dickson J, Hurley C, Smeaton AF, O'Connor NE, Kelly P, Haahr M, Chockalingam N. |
Most previous research on golf swing mechanics has focused on the driver club. The aim of this study was to identify the kinematic factors that contribute to greater hitting distance when using the 5 iron club. Three-dimensional marker coordinate data were collected (250 Hz) to calculate joint kinematics at eight key swing events, while a swing analyser measured club swing and ball launch characteristics. Thirty male participants were assigned to one of two groups, based on their ball launch speed (high: 52.9 ± 2.1 m · s(-1); low: 39.9 ± 5.2 m · s(-1)). Statistical analyses were used to identify variables that differed significantly between the two groups. Results showed significant differences were evident between the two groups for club face impact point and a number of joint angles and angular velocities, with greater shoulder flexion and less left shoulder internal rotation in the backswing, greater extension angular velocity in both shoulders at early downswing, greater left shoulder adduction angular velocity at ball contact, greater hip joint movement and X Factor angle during the downswing, and greater left elbow extension early in the downswing appearing to contribute to g |
21678149 |
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Are European and American golf players different? Reply to Engelhardt (1997). |
Jiménez JA, Fierro-Hernández C. |
Analysis of 1998 statistics for individual performance in the PGA European Tour yielded significant differences between some shot-making skills (drive distance, total driving, greens in regulation, and sand saves) between the top 10 and bottom 10 money winners, replicating (with partially different results) a result found for the 1995 American PGA Tour by Engelhardt. |
Not Available |
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Artificial neural networks for analyzing inter-limb coordination: The golf chip shot. |
Lamb PF, Bartlett RM, Robins A. |
Motor control research relies on theories, such as coordination dynamics, adapted from physical sciences to explain the emergence of coordinated movement in biological systems. Historically, many studies of coordination have involved inter-limb coordination of relatively few degrees of freedom. This study looked at the high-dimensional inter-limb coordination used to perform the golf chip shot toward six different target distances. This study also introduces a visualization of high-dimensional coordination relevant within the coordination dynamics theoretical framework. A specific type of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the Self-Organizing Map (SOM), was used for the analysis. In this study, the trajectory of consecutive best-matching nodes on the output map was used as a collective variable and subsequently fed into a second SOM which was used to create visualization of coordination stability. The SOM trajectories showed changes in coordination between movement patterns used for short chip shots and movement patterns used for long chip shots. The attractor diagrams showed non-linear phase transitions for three out of four players. The methods used in this study may offer a soluti |
21531031 |
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Attitude and enduring involvement of older adults in structured programs of physical activity. |
Gravelle F, Paré C, Laurencelle L. |
The purpose of this paper is to measure the influence of the affective attitudinal domain upon the intentions of a group of older adults participating in structured programs of physical activity offered in a community recreation setting. The subjects were 118 seniors participating in either a fitness, aqua-fitness, or golf program in metropolitan Ottawa. The group comprised of 65 women and 53 men were, in the most part, between 55 and 70 years of age. A questionnaire measuring attitude towards physical activity was developed. A stepwise regression analysis of intention to participate on attitudes showed that most of the variance in intention (69.0%) was explained by the variable "good/beneficial," i.e., seniors perceived the programs as being good and beneficial to them. It is recommended that further investigation of affective factors related to attitude be carried out to develop strategies to maintain seniors involvement in physical activity programs. |
9293559 |
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Ball launch conditions for skilled golfers using drivers of different lengths in an indoor testing facility. |
Wallace ES, Otto SR, Nevill A. |
The displacement of the golf ball struck by a driving club is affected by several player characteristics and equipment parameters and their interrelationships. Some modelling and simulation studies have shown a relationship between shaft length and clubhead speed, supported by a few experimental studies. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between driver length and ball launch conditions in an indoor test facility using a ball launch monitor. Nine males considered to be skilled golfers participated in the study. Four driving clubs of total length 117, 119, 124, and 132 cm were assembled from commercially available components and were used to strike golf shots while initial ball velocity, backspin rate, and launch angles were measured. Statistical analysis identified a significant difference in initial launch speed due to club length, a significant difference between participants, but no difference between the trials for a given golfer. A positive trend was noted between backspin and launch angle for all four clubs, and significant inverse associations between initial launch speed and backspin rate and launch angle. However, the combined launch conditions as |
17454541 |
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Braking hazards of golf cars and low speed vehicles. |
Seluga KJ, Ojalvo IU. |
Research and analysis of braking issues for golf cars and other low speed vehicles (LSVs) are reported in this study. It is shown that many such vehicles only provide braking for their rear wheels, which can lead to a driver losing control during travel on typical steep downgrades. The braking performance of a golf car equipped with brakes on two or four wheels was analyzed to determine the effects of two and four wheel brake designs on braking efficiency and vehicle yaw stability. Besides reducing braking efficiency, it is demonstrated that installing brakes on only the rear wheels can lead to directional instability (fishtailing) and rollover when the rear wheels are braked until skidding occurs. The nonexistence of golf course standards and the inadequacy of golf car and LSV standards are noted and a connection between this and the comparatively high level of accidents with such vehicles is inferred. Based on these results, it is advisable to install brakes on all four wheels of golf cars and LSVs. In addition, new safety standards should be considered to reduce the occurrence of golf car accidents on steep downhill slopes. |
16806027 |
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Cardiac stroke volume during exercise measured by Doppler echocardiography: comparison with the thermodilution technique and evaluation of reproducibility. |
Ihlen H, Endresen K, Golf S, Nitter-Hauge S. |
Cardiac stroke volume was measured simultaneously by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution in patients with severe coronary artery disease. One group (20 patients) was examined during supine exercise at 25 W and a second group (20 patients) during sitting exercise at 25 W and 50 W. In a third group (10 patients) the reproducibility of the non-invasive stroke volume estimate was determined during upright exercise. There was a considerable variation between results obtained with the invasive and non-invasive technique at rest and during exercise, but no systematic differences were found. Analysis of variance showed that no systematic differences between ultrasonic results were introduced by two observers or by measurements on different days. The coefficient of variation between any pairs of Doppler measurements in each patient was 6%. These findings demonstrate that the ultrasonic technique is suitable for detecting changes in stroke volume induced by low load exercise in patients with severe angina pectoris. |
3676035 |
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Case report: reduction of low back pain in a professional golfer. |
Grimshaw PN, Burden AM. |
Previous research agrees that the majority of injuries that affect male golfers are located in the lower back and that they are related to improper swing mechanics and/or the repetitive nature of the swing. This study describes the trunk motion and paraspinal muscle activity during the swing of a golfer with related low back pain (LBP) and assesses the effect of a 3-month period of muscle conditioning and coaching on these variables. Motion of the trunk was measured using three-dimensional video analysis and electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the same six sites of the erector spinae at the start and end of the 3-month period. At the end of the period, the golfer was able to play and practice without LBP. Coaching resulted in an increase in the range of hip turn and a decrease in the amount of shoulder turn, which occurred during the swing. In addition, a reduction in the amount of trunk flexion/lateral flexion during the downswing occurred in conjunction with less activity in the left erector spinae. These changes may serve to reduce the torsional and compressive loads acting on the thoracic and lumbar spine, which in turn may have contributed to the cessation of the LBP and |
11039635 |
