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analysis
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| Txt Link | Title | Author(s) | Abstract | Publisher Link |
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Electromyographic analysis of muscle action about the shoulder. |
Bradley JP, Tibone JE. |
The application of dynamic integrated EMG and motion analysis to the shoulder has improved the understanding of dynamic shoulder biomechanics during athletic activities and rehabilitation protocols. These studies exemplify a symbiotic merger of basic science research and clinical application. EMG and motion analysis has produced specific objective quantifiable data concerning the muscles in and about the shoulder during normal planar motion, athletic motions, and rehabilitation exercises. This expanded understanding of intricate muscular interrelationships during athletic activities and rehabilitative exercises has not only complemented clinical awareness of subtle shoulder anomalies but helped to develop logical preventative exercises, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation protocols, all of which are based on sound scientific principles. Comprehension of the normal intermuscular interdependence during the previously mentioned activities has led us to investigate common athletic shoulder disorders. It is hoped that application of the normal EMG and motion analysis to the pathologic state will enable us to suggest new ideas concerning the pathomechanics of these disorders, as well |
1934097 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the hip and knee during the golf swing. |
Bechler JR, Jobe FW, Pink M, Perry J, Ruwe PA. |
As golf increases in popularity, more golfers seek the proper mechanics necessary for the perfect golf swing. Surprisingly little scientific work has been published on the contribution of the hip and knee muscles during the golf swing even though most professionals have recognized their vital contribution. Recent studies have described the electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity of the shoulder, back, and trunk during the golf swing. The purpose of this study was to describe the electrical muscle activity in seven hip and knee muscles of both the left (lead) and right (trail) leg in competitive golfers while performing the golf swing. Sixteen golfers were studied with indwelling electrodes and high-speed cinematography. The EMG was synchronized with the film to discern five phases of the golf swing. Means, SDs, and t-tests were done. The results revealed that the trail hip extensors and abductors in conjunction with the lead adductor magus initiated pelvic rotation during forward swing. The lead hamstrings maintained a flexed knee and provided a stable base on which pelvic rotation took place. The peak EMG muscle activity recorded in the hips and knees occurred in an earlier phase |
7670971 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the scapular muscles during a golf swing. |
Kao JT, Pink M, Jobe FW, Perry J. |
To describe the role of the scapular muscles in the golf swing, we studied 15 competitive male golfers. Four muscles were studied bilaterally using dynamic electromyography and cinematography. In the trailing arm, the levator scapulae elevates while the rhomboid muscles retract the scapula during takeaway; both then stabilize the scapula through the remainder of the swing. In the leading arm, these muscles retract the scapula during forward swing and acceleration. The trapezius muscle in the trailing arm also demonstrates high activity during takeaway to aid in scapular retraction. In the leading arm, trapezius activity is high in forward swing and through the remainder of the swing to promote scapular retraction. The serratus anterior muscle activity is high in the trailing arm during forward swing and through the remainder of the swing to maximize scapular protraction. In the leading arm, the serratus anterior muscle has constant activity through all phases of the swing, which may explain the clinical scenario of muscle fatigue in high demand golfers. The golf swing and uncoiling action requires that the scapular muscles work in synchrony to maximize swing arc and clubhead speed. |
7726345 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during the golf swing. |
Pink M, Jobe FW, Perry J. |
Golf is a popular sport throughout the world, yet there is little in the literature that discusses the mechanics of the swing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the EMG activity in eight shoulder muscles of both the right and left arms during the golf swing. The results reveal that the infraspinatus and supraspinatus act predominantly at the extremes of shoulder range of motion, the subscapularis and pectoralis major during acceleration, the latissimus dorsi during forward swing, and the anterior deltoid during forward swing and follow-through. The middle and posterior deltoids appear to be relatively noncontributory, without any specific timing patterns. This data is an expansion of an earlier pilot study and allows us to more accurately develop an exercise program for optimal performance as well as for prevention and rehabilitation. |
2343980 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the trunk in golfers. |
Pink M, Perry J, Jobe FW. |
Golf is a popular sport for both men and women. The trunk is the most common area of injury during the golf swing. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the muscle firing patterns in the trunk during the golf swing. Twenty-three golfers with handicaps of five or below volunteered for this study. Surface electromyographic electrodes were placed on the abdominal oblique and erector spinae muscles bilaterally. High-speed cinematography was used in conjunction with the electromyographic electrodes. The results demonstrated relatively low activity in all muscles during takeaway (below 30% of maximal muscle test), and relatively high and constant activity throughout the rest of the swing (above 30% maximal muscle test, with the exception of the contralateral erector spinae during late follow-through, which was 28% maximal muscle test). This high and constant activity demonstrated the importance of the trunk muscles during a golf swing. These results indicate the need for an effective preventive and rehabilitative exercise program for the golfer. |
8346752 |
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Electromyographic shoulder activity in men and women professional golfers. |
Jobe FW, Perry J, Pink M. |
Men and women both enjoy the game of golf. Special considerations are made for women, such as the courses on the professional tours. Thus, one can ask what differences might exist between men and women golfers. This study compares the electromyographic firing patterns of normal shoulder musculature in men and women professional golfers. Eight shoulder muscles (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, anterior, middle and posterior deltoids) were studied using indwelling electromyography. A visual analysis revealed that women tended to have slightly more activity during the takeaway and forward swing phases, and the men tended to have more activity during acceleration and follow-through. However, an independent two-tailed t-test (P = 0.05) showed these differences not to be statistically significant. This finding is in keeping with injury incidence data from the LPGA Tour, PGA Tour, and Senior PGA Tour, which showed that all three tours have a similar incidence of shoulder injuries. This study does not compare the relative strength of men and women, however. |
2624291 |
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Electromyography and motion analysis of the upper extremity in sports. |
Moynes DR, Perry J, Antonelli DJ, Jobe FW. |
This article reviews the results of studies using electromyographic recordings to determine muscle function during athletic activities. Electromyographic recordings were synchronized with high-speed film to provide information on shoulder muscle firing patterns during baseball pitching, swimming, tennis, and golf. The information obtained about the contributions of specific muscles during these activities may be useful in developing effective injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies. |
3786421 |
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Evaluating the factor structure of the Psychological Performance Inventory. |
Golby J, Sheard M, van Wersch A. |
This study assesses the construct validity of a measure of mental toughness, Loehr's Psychological Performance Inventory. Performers (N = 408, 303 men, 105 women, M age = 24.0 yr., SD = 6.7) drawn from eight sports (artistic rollerskating, basketball, canoeing, golf, rugby league, rugby union, soccer, swimming), and competing at either international, national, county and provincial, or club and regional standards. They completed the 42-item Psychological Performance Inventory during training camps. Principal components analysis provided minimal support for the factor structure. Instead, the exploratory analysis yielded a 4-factor 14-item model (PPI-A). A single factor underlying mental toughness (G(MT)) was identified with higher-order exploratory factor analysis using the Schmid-Leiman procedure. Psychometric analysis of the model, using confirmatory analysis techniques, fitted the data well. Collectively satisfying absolute and incremental fit index benchmarks, the inventory possesses satisfactory psychometric properties, with adequate reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. The results lend preliminary support to the factorial validity and reliability of the model; |
17918579 |
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Expert golf instructors' student-teacher interaction patterns. |
Schempp P, McCullick B, St Pierre P, Woorons S, You J, Clark B. |
The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant instructional interaction patterns of expert golf instructors. Instructors (N = 22) were selected by the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) Teaching based on the following criteria: (a) 10 or more years of golf teaching experience, (b) LPGA certification, (c) awards received for the quality of their instruction, and (d) peer and student recognition for outstanding teaching. The instructors were videotaped teaching a 60-min lesson to a novice college-age woman with no previous golf experience. The tapes were then analyzed using both the Cheffers Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (CAFIAS) and a qualitative analysis. Based on the findings from descriptive statistics and correlation analyses of the CAFIAS data and qualitative data analysis, several trends were identified. First, the dominant instructional behavior of these teachers was providing information to the students using both explanations and demonstrations. Second, the prevailing instructional interaction pattern of the expert teachers included extensive explanations and demonstrations followed by directions. The student followed the directions b |
15532362 |
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Expertise and position of line of sight in golf putting. |
Naito K, Kato T, Fukuda T. |
The purpose of this study was to clarify golfers' scanning patterns while putting through direct measurement of their eye movements. Each of the 17 subjects (3 experts, 3 intermediates, 11 beginners) performed 10 consecutive putts on a practice mat, from a position 2 m from the hole. The analysis of their eye-movements indicated differences among these groups. The intermediates and beginners had longer fixation durations on the ball than the experts. The beginners exhibited a range of behaviors among the trials, some of which did not include any fixations on the ball. Experts held their eyes steady but did not fixate on the ball. These results suggested that experts may have relied on a mental image of the ball; in contrast, the intermediates and some of the beginners relied on visual data. |
15446642 |
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Feedback influences on the skill of putting. |
Aksamit G, Husak W. |
To determine the influence of two forms of visual control techniques and one kinesthetic technique on putting accuracy 27 right-handed female volunteers performed a putting task under one of three testing conditions: eyes on ball, eyes on target, and no vision. Three putting distances of 5, 10, and 15 ft. were employed. The results of a 3 (conditions) x 3 (putting distances) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the second factor indicated that the shorter the putting distance the more accurate the responses. There were no marked differences among the three visual and kinesthetic conditions. Since no differences were found among the visual and kinesthetic putting conditions, it may be argued that the elimination of vision may enhance learning in the early stages of putting skill acquisition. |
6844067 |
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Flux of organic compounds from grass measured by relaxed eddy accumulation technique. |
Olofsson M, Ek-Olausson B, Ljungström E, Langer S. |
Fluxes of some Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from grass were measured at a golf course in western Sweden, using the Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) technique. The sampling was done by collecting VOC onto adsorbent tubes and the analysis was performed by thermal desorption followed by GC/MS. High emissions were observed after cutting. Transient fluxes of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (0.51 microg m(-2) s(-1)), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (0.14 microg m(-2) s(-1)) and (Z)-3-hexenal (0.40 microg m(-2) s(-1)) were measured, even at low temperatures. The REA technique requires a relatively large fetch area that is sometimes not available. Therefore, a procedure for correcting measured fluxes from a limited fetch is suggested. |
14710940 |
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From computing with numbers to computing with words. From manipulation of measurements to manipulation of perceptions. |
Zadeh LA. |
Interest in issues relating to consciousness has grown markedly during the last several years. And yet, nobody can claim that consciousness is a well-understood concept that lends itself to precise analysis. It may be argued that, as a concept, consciousness is much too complex to fit into the conceptual structure of existing theories based on Aristotelian logic and probability theory. An approach suggested in this paper links consciousness to perceptions and perceptions to their descriptors in a natural language. In this way, those aspects of consciousness which relate to reasoning and concept formation are linked to what is referred to as the methodology of computing with words (CW). Computing, in its usual sense, is centered on manipulation of numbers and symbols. In contrast, computing with words, or CW for short, is a methodology in which the objects of computation are words and propositions drawn from a natural language (e.g., small, large, far, heavy, not very likely, the price of gas is low and declining, Berkeley is near San Francisco, it is very unlikely that there will be a significant increase in the price of oil in the near future, etc.). Computing with words is inspir |
11357866 |
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Functional and morphological studies of photodamaged skin on the hands of middle-aged Japanese golfers. |
Kikuchi-Numagami K, Suetake T, Yanai M, Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Tagami H. |
The skin of golfers' hands provides a suitable model to study the effect of chronic sun exposure, because one of their hands is exposed to the outer environment, especially sunlight, while the other one is always protected by a glove during play. Our purpose was to find out the influence of photodamage on the properties of the skin surface of middle-aged Japanese by using non-invasive methods. We measured hydration state, and water barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC) and the color of the skin of the dorsum of the hands. In a separate study, we evaluated the skin surface contour by using replicas taken from the skin in a slightly stretched or relaxed position. We found a significant decrease in hydration of the skin surface of the exposed skin as compared to that of the protected skin, whereas no such difference was found with transepidermal water loss, a parameter for water barrier function of the SC. Luminance of skin color was also reduced in the sun-exposed skin. Replica analysis revealed that large wrinkles developing in a relaxed position were more prominent on the exposed than on the protected skin, while fine furrows noted in a slightly stretched position were shall |
10846254 |
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Functional training improves club head speed and functional fitness in older golfers. |
Thompson CJ, Cobb KM, Blackwell J. |
Functional training programs have been used in a variety of rehabilitation settings with documented success. Based on that success, the concept of functional training has gained popularity in applied fitness settings to enhance sport performance. However, there has been little or no research studying the efficacy of functional training programs on the improvement of sport performance or functional fitness. Thus, it was the purpose of this study to determine the effect of a progressive functional training program on club head speed and functional fitness in older male golfers. Eighteen male golfers (age: 70.7 +/- 9.1 [SD] years) were randomly assigned to an exercise (N = 11) or control (N = 7) group. The exercise group participated in an 8-week progressive functional training program including flexibility exercises, core stability exercises, balance exercises, and resistance exercises. Pre- and postmeasurements included club head speed of a driver by radar (exercise and Control) and Fullerton Senior Fitness Test measurements (exercise only). One-way analysis of covariance was performed on club head speed measurements using pretest measurements as the covariate. Paired t-tests were p |
17313268 |
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Identifying group-sensitive physical activities: a differential item functioning analysis of NHANES data. |
Gao Y, Zhu W. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Kinematic analysis of swing in pro and amateur golfers. |
Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Kinematic analysis of the golf swing in men and women experienced golfers. |
Egret CI, Nicolle B, Dujardin FH, Weber J, Chollet D. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Kinetic analysis of a golf swing. |
Budney DR, Bellow DG. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Low scores, top 10 finishes, and big money: an analysis of professional golf association tour statistics and how these relate to overall performance. |
Dorsel TN, Rotunda RJ. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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