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| Txt Link | Title | Author(s) | Abstract | Publisher Link |
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Effects of an 18-Week Strength Training Program on Low-Handicap Golfers' Performance. |
Alvarez M, Sedano S, Cuadrado G, Redondo JC. |
Álvarez, M, Sedano, S, Cuadrado, G, and Redondo, JC. Effects of an 18- week strength training program on low-handicap golfers' performance. J Strength Cond Res 25(X): 000-000, 2011-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 18-week strength training program on variables related to low-handicap golfers' performance. Ten right-handed male golfers, reporting a handicap of 5 or less, were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (CG) (N = 5, age: 23.9 ± 6.7 years) and the treatment group (TG) (N = 5, age: 24.2 ± 5.4 years). CG players followed the standard physical conditioning program for golf, which was partially modified for the TG. The TG participated in an 18-week strength training program divided into three parts: maximal strength training including weightlifting exercises (2 days a week for 6 weeks), explosive strength training with combined weights and plyometric exercises (2 days a week for 6 weeks), and golf-specific strength training, including swings with a weighted club and accelerated swings with an acceleration tubing system (3 days a week for 6 weeks). Body mass, body fat, muscle mass, jumping ability, isometric grip strength, maximal streng |
21881530 |
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Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill. |
Perkins-Ceccato N, Passmore SR, Lee TD. |
In this study, we examined the influence of internal and external attention instructions on the performance of a pitch shot by golfers who were either highly skilled (mean handicap = 4) or low skilled (mean handicap = 26). Ten golfers in each skill group used a 9-iron to pitch a ball as close as possible to an orange pylon, which was located at distances of 10, 15, 20 or 25 m from the golfer. Focus of attention was manipulated within participants (counterbalanced across golfers). Under internal focus of attention instructions, the participants were told to concentrate on the form of the golf swing and to adjust the force of their swing depending on the distance of the shot. For the external focus of attention conditions, the participants were told to concentrate on hitting the ball as close to the target pylon as possible. The most intriguing finding was an interaction of skill with focus of attention instructions for variability in performance. Similar to the findings of Wulf and colleagues, the highly skilled golfers performed better with external attention instructions than with internal focus instructions. In contrast, the low-skill golfers performed better with the internal th |
12875310 |
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Effects of swing-weight on swing speed and racket power. |
Cross R, Bower R. |
Measurements are presented of the speed at which six different rods could be swung by four male students. Three of the rods had the same mass but their swing-weight (i.e. moment of inertia) differed by large factors. The other three rods had the same swing-weight but different masses. Our primary objective was to quantify the effects of mass and swing-weight on swing speed. The result has a direct bearing on whether baseball, tennis, cricket and golf participants should choose a heavy or light implement to impart maximum speed to a ball. When swinging with maximum effort, swing speed (V) was found to decrease as swing-weight (Io) increased, according to the relation V = C/Ion, where C is a different constant for each participant and n = 0.27 when Io > 0.03 kg x m2. Remarkably similar results were obtained previously with softball bats (where n = 0.25) and golf clubs (where n = 0.26). Swing speed remained approximately constant as swing mass increased (when keeping swing-weight fixed). The implications for racket power are discussed. |
16368611 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the hip and knee during the golf swing. |
Bechler JR, Jobe FW, Pink M, Perry J, Ruwe PA. |
As golf increases in popularity, more golfers seek the proper mechanics necessary for the perfect golf swing. Surprisingly little scientific work has been published on the contribution of the hip and knee muscles during the golf swing even though most professionals have recognized their vital contribution. Recent studies have described the electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity of the shoulder, back, and trunk during the golf swing. The purpose of this study was to describe the electrical muscle activity in seven hip and knee muscles of both the left (lead) and right (trail) leg in competitive golfers while performing the golf swing. Sixteen golfers were studied with indwelling electrodes and high-speed cinematography. The EMG was synchronized with the film to discern five phases of the golf swing. Means, SDs, and t-tests were done. The results revealed that the trail hip extensors and abductors in conjunction with the lead adductor magus initiated pelvic rotation during forward swing. The lead hamstrings maintained a flexed knee and provided a stable base on which pelvic rotation took place. The peak EMG muscle activity recorded in the hips and knees occurred in an earlier phase |
7670971 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the scapular muscles during a golf swing. |
Kao JT, Pink M, Jobe FW, Perry J. |
To describe the role of the scapular muscles in the golf swing, we studied 15 competitive male golfers. Four muscles were studied bilaterally using dynamic electromyography and cinematography. In the trailing arm, the levator scapulae elevates while the rhomboid muscles retract the scapula during takeaway; both then stabilize the scapula through the remainder of the swing. In the leading arm, these muscles retract the scapula during forward swing and acceleration. The trapezius muscle in the trailing arm also demonstrates high activity during takeaway to aid in scapular retraction. In the leading arm, trapezius activity is high in forward swing and through the remainder of the swing to promote scapular retraction. The serratus anterior muscle activity is high in the trailing arm during forward swing and through the remainder of the swing to maximize scapular protraction. In the leading arm, the serratus anterior muscle has constant activity through all phases of the swing, which may explain the clinical scenario of muscle fatigue in high demand golfers. The golf swing and uncoiling action requires that the scapular muscles work in synchrony to maximize swing arc and clubhead speed. |
7726345 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during the golf swing. |
Pink M, Jobe FW, Perry J. |
Golf is a popular sport throughout the world, yet there is little in the literature that discusses the mechanics of the swing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the EMG activity in eight shoulder muscles of both the right and left arms during the golf swing. The results reveal that the infraspinatus and supraspinatus act predominantly at the extremes of shoulder range of motion, the subscapularis and pectoralis major during acceleration, the latissimus dorsi during forward swing, and the anterior deltoid during forward swing and follow-through. The middle and posterior deltoids appear to be relatively noncontributory, without any specific timing patterns. This data is an expansion of an earlier pilot study and allows us to more accurately develop an exercise program for optimal performance as well as for prevention and rehabilitation. |
2343980 |
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Electromyographic analysis of the trunk in golfers. |
Pink M, Perry J, Jobe FW. |
Golf is a popular sport for both men and women. The trunk is the most common area of injury during the golf swing. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the muscle firing patterns in the trunk during the golf swing. Twenty-three golfers with handicaps of five or below volunteered for this study. Surface electromyographic electrodes were placed on the abdominal oblique and erector spinae muscles bilaterally. High-speed cinematography was used in conjunction with the electromyographic electrodes. The results demonstrated relatively low activity in all muscles during takeaway (below 30% of maximal muscle test), and relatively high and constant activity throughout the rest of the swing (above 30% maximal muscle test, with the exception of the contralateral erector spinae during late follow-through, which was 28% maximal muscle test). This high and constant activity demonstrated the importance of the trunk muscles during a golf swing. These results indicate the need for an effective preventive and rehabilitative exercise program for the golfer. |
8346752 |
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Electromyographic shoulder activity in men and women professional golfers. |
Jobe FW, Perry J, Pink M. |
Men and women both enjoy the game of golf. Special considerations are made for women, such as the courses on the professional tours. Thus, one can ask what differences might exist between men and women golfers. This study compares the electromyographic firing patterns of normal shoulder musculature in men and women professional golfers. Eight shoulder muscles (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, anterior, middle and posterior deltoids) were studied using indwelling electromyography. A visual analysis revealed that women tended to have slightly more activity during the takeaway and forward swing phases, and the men tended to have more activity during acceleration and follow-through. However, an independent two-tailed t-test (P = 0.05) showed these differences not to be statistically significant. This finding is in keeping with injury incidence data from the LPGA Tour, PGA Tour, and Senior PGA Tour, which showed that all three tours have a similar incidence of shoulder injuries. This study does not compare the relative strength of men and women, however. |
2624291 |
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Electromyography of the trunk and abdominal muscles in golfers with and without low back pain. |
Cole MH, Grimshaw PN. |
Twelve male golfers who experienced low back pain (LBP) whilst playing or practicing golf and 18 asymptomatic golfers were recruited and divided into handicap-specific groups; low-handicap golfers, with a handicap between 0 and 12 strokes; and high-handicap golfers, with a handicap of between 13 and 29 strokes. The myoelectric activity of the lumbar erector spinae (ES) and the external obliques (EO) was recorded via surface electromyography (EMG), whilst the golfers performed 20 drives. The root mean square (RMS) was calculated for each subject and the data for the ES and EO were normalised to the EMGs recorded whilst holding a mass equal to 5% of the subjects' body mass at arms length and whilst performing a double-leg raise, respectively. The results showed that the low-handicap LBP golfers tended to demonstrate reduced ES activity at the top of the backswing and at impact and greater EO activity throughout the swing. The high-handicap LBP golfers demonstrated considerably more ES activity compared with their asymptomatic counterparts, whilst EO activity tended to be similar between the high-handicap groups. The reduced ES activity demonstrated by the low-handicap LBP group may b |
17433775 |
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Elite golfers' kinematic sequence in full-swing and partial-swing shots. |
Tinmark F, Hellström J, Halvorsen K, Thorstensson A. |
The aim of this study was to investigate whether kinematic proximal-to-distal sequencing (PDS) and speed-summation are common characteristics of both partial and full-swing shots in golf players of different skill levels and genders. A total of 45 golfers participated, 11 male tournament professionals, 21 male and 13 female elite amateurs. They performed partial shots with a wedge to targets at three submaximal distances, 40, 55 and 70 m, and full-swing shots with a 5 iron and a driver for maximal distance. Pelvis, upper torso and hand movements were recorded in 3D with an electromagnetic tracking system (Polhemus Liberty) at 240 Hz and the magnitude of the resultant angular velocity vector of each segment was computed. The results showed a significant proximal-to-distal temporal relationship and a concomitant successive increase in maximum (peak) segment angular speed in every shot condition for both genders and levels of expertise. A proximal-to-distal utilization of interaction torques is indicated. Using a common PDS movement strategy in partial and full-swing golf shots appears beneficial from mechanical and control points of view and could serve the purpose of providing both |
21309298 |
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Foot and ankle considerations in golf. |
Pietrocarlo TA. |
As golf continues to grow in popularity, so will the incidence of golf-related foot problems. An understanding of foot biomechanics in the golf swing and an appreciation of pre-existing foot problems will allow the physician to make a more specific diagnosis and implement treatment sooner. The net result is a faster return to the links. |
8903713 |
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Fracture of the hook of the hamate in athletes. |
Stark HH, Jobe FW, Boyes JH, Ashworth CR. |
During an eight-year period, four tennis players, seven golfers, and nine baseball players were seen with a fracture of the hook of the hamate. Eighteen of these twenty patients were disabled by pain and after the fracture fragment was removed, all eighteen were relieved so that they returned to their athletic pursuits. Two patients were asymptomatic, their old fracture being discovered accidentally when they were treated for other injuries. Nineteen of the twenty patients had been examined before coming under our care, but the correct diagnosis had been made in only two. Conservative treatment, including rest, physical therapy, and injections of steroids into the wrist and hand, had not been beneficial. From the history and findings, we believe that these fractures were caused by a direct blow against the hook of the hamate caused by the handle of the tennis racket, golf club, or bat during a swing, and not by indirect force produced by the ligaments and muscles attached to the hook. The fracture was demonstrated in all twenty patients by a roentgenogram (profile view) of the carpal tunnel. |
873952 |
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Fracture of the hook of the hamate. |
Stark HH, Chao EK, Zemel NP, Rickard TA, Ashworth CR. |
We removed the fracture fragment from fifty-nine patients who had an isolated fracture of the hook of the hamate. Preoperatively, all had complained of pain and tenderness on the ulnar side of the palm or on the dorsal ulnar aspect of the wrist. Most fractures were thought to have occurred while the patient was swinging a racquet, golf club, or baseball bat. Some fractures were caused by striking the palm on a solid object, by falling on the palm, or by a crush injury to the hand. Most of the fractures were diagnosed conclusively on a carpal tunnel roentgenogram or on a special oblique roentgenogram of the wrist supinated. We now believe that computed axial tomography is the best imaging technique for demonstrating this fracture. Except for two patients who had a crush injury, all of the patients returned to their regular occupational and athletic pursuits. There were no surgical complications. |
2777848 |
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Fracture of the patella during a golf swing following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. A case report. |
McCarroll JR. |
Abstract not available |
6829835 |
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Gaze control in putting. |
Vickers JN. |
The gaze of low and higher handicap golfers was assessed while they performed consecutive putts from 3 m, wearing an eye-movement helmet that permitted normal mobility. MANOVA (count and duration), with univariate follow-up, revealed significant differences in gaze between five low (LH, 0-8) and seven higher handicap golfers (HH, 10-16). The LH (ie more highly skilled) golfers were found to use a variable form of gaze control in which longer fixation durations on the ball and target were observed, and there were fewer fixations on the club and surface, with more express saccades and quicker saccades between gaze locations. The HH golfers, in contrast, allocated the same mean durations to each gaze (about 1 s), independent of type of control (fixation, saccade, or tracking) or location (ball, club, target, or surface). In comparing hits to misses, there was an increased probability of hits if the golfers used express saccades to the club during preparation, and a steady fixation on the ball during the backswing/foreswing of the club, as well as a steady fixation on the surface during contact. These results suggest that with the acquisition of the putting skill, there are changes in |
1528699 |
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Guiding the swing in golf putting. |
Craig CM, Delay D, Grealy MA, Lee DN. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Healthy swing: a golf rehabilitation model. |
Parziale JR. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Hip and shoulder rotations during the golf swing of sub-10 handicap players. |
Burden AM, Grimshaw PN, Wallace ES. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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In the swing: golf and your health. |
[No authors listed] |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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Kinematic analysis of swing in pro and amateur golfers. |
Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. |
No abstract available |
Not Available |
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